most powerful atom-smasher ever built could make some bizarre
discoveries, such as invisible matter or extra dimensions in space,
after it is switched on in August.
But some critics fear the Large Hadron Collider could exceed physicists'
wildest conjectures: Will it spawn a black hole that could swallow
Earth? Or spit out particles that could turn the planet into a hot dead
clump?
Ridiculous, say scientists at the European Organization for Nuclear
Research, known by its French initials CERN - some of whom have been
working for a generation on the $5.8 billion collider, or LHC.
"Obviously, the world will not end when the LHC switches on," said
project leader Lyn Evans.
David Francis, a physicist on the collider's huge ATLAS particle
detector, smiled when asked whether he worried about black holes and
hypothetical killer particles known as strangelets.
"If I thought that this was going to happen, I would be well away from
here," he said.
The collider basically consists of a ring of supercooled magnets 17
miles in circumference attached to huge barrel-shaped detectors. The
ring, which straddles the French and Swiss border, is buried 330 feet
underground.
The machine, which has been called the largest scientific experiment in
history, isn't expected to begin test runs until August, and ramping up
to full power could take months. But once it is working, it is expected
to produce some startling findings.
Scientists plan to hunt for signs of the invisible "dark matter" and
"dark energy" that make up more than 96 percent of the universe, and
hope to glimpse the elusive Higgs boson, a so-far undiscovered particle
thought to give matter its mass.
The collider could find evidence of extra dimensions, a boon for
superstring theory, which holds that quarks, the particles that make up
atoms, are infinitesimal vibrating strings.
The theory could resolve many of physics' unanswered questions, but
requires about 10 dimensions - far more than the three spatial
dimensions our senses experience.
The safety of the collider, which will generate energies seven times
higher than its most powerful rival, at Fermilab near Chicago, has been
debated for years. The physicist Martin Rees has estimated the chance of
an accelerator producing a global catastrophe at one in 50 million -
long odds, to be sure, but about the same as winning some lotteries.
By contrast, a CERN team this month issued a report concluding that
there is "no conceivable danger" of a cataclysmic event. The report
essentially confirmed the findings of a 2003 CERN safety report, and a
panel of five prominent scientists not affiliated with CERN, including
one Nobel laureate, endorsed its conclusions.
Critics of the LHC filed a lawsuit in a Hawaiian court in March seeking
to block its startup, alleging that there was "a significant risk that
... operation of the Collider may have unintended consequences which
could ultimately result in the destruction of our planet."
One of the plaintiffs, Walter L. Wagner, a physicist and lawyer, said
Wednesday CERN's safety report, released June 20, "has several major
flaws," and his views on the risks of using the particle accelerator had
not changed.
On Tuesday, U.S. Justice Department lawyers representing the Department
of Energy and the National Science Foundation filed a motion to dismiss
the case.
The two agencies have contributed $531 million to building the collider,
and the NSF has agreed to pay $87 million of its annual operating costs.
Hundreds of American scientists will participate in the research.
The lawyers called the plaintiffs' allegations "extraordinarily
speculative," and said "there is no basis for any conceivable threat"
from black holes or other objects the LHC might produce. A hearing on
the motion is expected in late July or August.
In rebutting doomsday scenarios, CERN scientists point out that cosmic
rays have been bombarding the earth, and triggering collisions similar
to those planned for the collider, since the solar system formed 4.5
billion years ago.
And so far, Earth has survived.
"The LHC is only going to reproduce what nature does every second, what
it has been doing for billions of years," said John Ellis, a British
theoretical physicist at CERN.
Critics like Wagner have said the collisions caused by accelerators
could be more hazardous than those of cosmic rays.
Both may produce micro black holes, subatomic versions of cosmic black
holes - collapsed stars whose gravity fields are so powerful that they
can suck in planets and other stars.
But micro black holes produced by cosmic ray collisions would likely be
traveling so fast they would pass harmlessly through the earth.
Micro black holes produced by a collider, the skeptics theorize, would
move more slowly and might be trapped inside the earth's gravitational
field - and eventually threaten the planet.
Ellis said doomsayers assume that the collider will create micro black
holes in the first place, which he called unlikely. And even if they
appeared, he said, they would instantly evaporate, as predicted by the
British physicist Stephen Hawking.
As for strangelets, CERN scientists point out that they have never been
proven to exist. They said that even if these particles formed inside
the Collider they would quickly break down.
When the LHC is finally at full power, two beams of protons will race
around the huge ring 11,000 times a second in opposite directions. They
will travel in two tubes about the width of fire hoses, speeding through
a vacuum that is colder and emptier than outer space.
Their trajectory will be curved by supercooled magnets - to guide the
beams around the rings and prevent the packets of protons from cutting
through the surrounding magnets like a blowtorch.
The paths of these beams will cross, and a few of the protons in them
will collide, at a series of cylindrical detectors along the ring. The
two largest detectors are essentially huge digital cameras, each
weighing thousands of tons, capable of taking millions of snapshots a
second.
Each year the detectors will generate 15 petabytes of data, the
equivalent of a stack of CDs 12 miles tall. The data will require a high
speed global network of computers for analysis.
Wagner and others filed a lawsuit to halt operation of the Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider, or RHIC, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in
New York state in 1999. The courts dismissed the suit.
The leafy campus of CERN, a short drive from the shores of Lake Geneva,
hardly seems like ground zero for doomsday. And locals don't seem overly
concerned. Thousands attended an open house here this spring.
"There is a huge army of scientists who know what they are talking about
and are sleeping quite soundly as far as concerns the LHC," said project
leader Evans.
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